प्रबोधन कालीन चित्रकार रॅफेएल

Sat, 16 Apr, 2022 01:36
रॅफेएल : कलेचा अभ्यास करतांना प्रबोधन काळ म्हटल्यावर लिओनार्दो,मायकेल इंजेलो त्याप्रमाणे रॅफेएल हे नाव घेतले जाते.(६ एप्रिल १४८३−६ एप्रिल १५२०). श्रेष्ठ इटालियन चित्रकार व वास्तुकार. त्यांचे संपूर्ण नाव राफ्फाएल्लो सान्ती किंवा सान्तस्यो. इटालियन प्रबोधनाच्या उत्कर्षकाळातील तो एक महत्त्वाचा कलावंत मानला जातो. ऊर्बीनो या गावी त्याचा जन्म झाला. त्याचे वडील जोव्हान्नी सान्ती हे एक चित्रकार होते आणि चित्रकलेचे प्राथमिक धडे त्याने आपल्या वडिलांकडूनच घेतले. त्याच्या मातापित्यांच्या अकाली निधनानंतर त्याच्या चुलत्याने त्याचा प्रतिपाळ केला. तत्कालीन ऊर्बीनोमधील सांस्कृतिक व कलात्मक दृष्ट्या समृद्ध वातावरणात रॅफेएलच्या व्यक्तिमत्त्वाची जडणघडण झाली. फेदेरीको-द-माँतेफेल्त्रो या सरदारच्या कारकीर्दीत ऊर्बीनो हे एक महत्त्वाचे सांस्कृतिक केंद्र बनले. तो रोमन व ग्रीक संस्कृतींचा अभ्यासक होता व त्याच्याकडे त्यावेळची समृद्ध अशी परिपूर्ण अभ्यासिका होती. रॅफेएलच्या व्यासंगी मनाला येथेच खतपाणी मिळाले. रॅफेएलने १४९५ मध्ये पेरूजाला प्रयाण केले व तो पेरूजीनोच्या कलाशाळेत दाखल झाला. १५०४−०५ ह्या सुमारास त्याने निर्माण केलेल्या कलाकृती उल्लेखनीय आहेत. उदा., व्हिजन ऑफ अ नाइट (सरदारास झालेला दृष्टांत), द थ्री ग्रेसेस, सेंट मायकेल अँड द ड्रँगन इत्यादी. ह्या कलाकृती जरी आकाराने लहान असल्या, तरी रॅफेएलच्या स्वतंत्र व समर्थ प्रतिभाशक्तीची साक्ष देण्यास त्या पुरेशा आहेत. रॅफेएल व पेरूजीनो यांनी १५०० मध्ये एकत्ररीत्या काही चित्रनिर्मिती केल्याचे उल्लेख आढळतात परंतु आज ती चित्रे अस्तित्वात नाहीत. मात्र पेरूजीनोच्या काही खास चित्रवैशिष्ट्यांचा तरुण रॅफेएलच्या मनाp0 एक कायमचा ठसा उमटला. उदा., त्याच्या चित्रांतील आकृतिबंधांची समतोल मांडणी, निःस्तब्ध व विशाल निसर्गचित्राची पार्श्वभूमी इत्यादी. रॅफेएलची स्वाक्षरी व तारखेचा उल्लेख असणारी आद्य कलाकृती द मँरेज ऑफ द व्हर्जिन (१५०४) ही होय. सध्या हे चित्र मिलान येथे आहे. ह्या चित्रामुळे त्यास खूप प्रसिद्धी मिळाली. या चित्रातील मांडणीचे पेरूजीनोच्या सेंट पीटर रिसिव्हिंग द कीज ह्या चित्राशी साधर्म्य दिसून येते. तथापि मांडणीचा आराखडा जरी पेरूजीनोसदृश असला, तरी काही बाबतींत रॅफेएल सरस ठरतो. उदा., रॅफेएलच्या रंगलेपनातील सफाई व चित्रातील विविध आकृत्यांची सघनता अधिक लवचीक व आनंददायी आहे. रॅफेएल १५०४ मध्ये फ्लॉरेन्सला गेला. प्रबोधनाच्या उत्कर्षकाळात फ्लॉरेन्स हे कला व सांस्कृतिक दृष्ट्या खूप भरभराटीला आलेले केंद्र होते त्यामुळे साहजिकच रॅफेएल फ्लॉरेन्सकडे आकृष्ट झाला. फ्लॉरेन्समधील त्याच्या वास्तव्याचा १५०४ ते १५०९ हा कालखंड त्याच्या पुढील कलाजीवनाचा पाया मजबूत करण्यास साहाय्यभूत ठरला. तेथील वास्तव्यात त्याने लिओनार्दो दा व्हिंची व मायकेलअँजेलो ह्या श्रेष्ठ समकालीनांच्या कलाकृतींच्या मूळ रेखाटनांचा चित्रमांडणीच्या तंत्र-संदर्भात कसून अभ्यास केला. ह्या कालावधीत त्याने ‘मँडोना’ ची (कुमारी माता मेरी व बालक ख्रिस्त) अनेक उत्तमोत्तम चित्रे निर्माण केली. मँडोना हा त्याचा अत्यंत आवडता विषय होता. रॅफेएलच्या मॅडोना ह्या स्त्रीसुलभ नाजुकता व लवचीकपणा घेऊन चित्रफलकावर अवतरतात. रॅफेएलच्या मॅडोनांनी स्वतःचे दैवीपण दूर सारले आणि भौतिक जगाशी नाते व जवळीक साधली, असे म्हणता येईल. त्याच्या मॅडोना-चित्रांत मॅडोना डेल ग्रँड्युका (सु. १५०५ पहा : मराठी विश्वकोश : खंड २ चित्रपत्र ४३) मॅडोना ऑफ द गोल्ड फिंच (१५०७) ला बेल्ले जार्दिन्येर (१५०७) टेम्पी मॅडोना (१५०८) द सिस्टाइन मॅडोना (१५१५) मॅडोना देल प्रातो (१५०६) इ. विशेष उल्लेखनीय आहेत. त्याने १५०८ मध्ये कॉपर मॅडोना ही कलाकृती निर्माण केली व फ्लॉरेन्स सोडले. दुसरा पोप जूल्यस ह्याच्या १५०८ मधील निमंत्रणावरून रॅफेएल रोमला गेला. जानेवारी १५०९ मध्ये त्याने दुसरा पोप जूल्यस ह्याच्यासाठी काम सुरू केल्याचे उल्लेख सापडतात. आयुष्याच्या अखेरीपर्यंत त्याचे वास्तव्य रोममध्येच होते. रोम येथील जुनी ‘व्हॅटिकन’ दालने सुशोभित करण्याचे काम त्याच्यावर सोपवण्यात आले. सर्वप्रथम त्याने ‘स्तांझा देल्ला सिन्यातुरा’ (१५०९−११) हे दालन चित्रित करावयास घेतले. ह्या ठिकाणी त्याच्या चार सुप्रसिद्ध कलाकृती आहेत : स्कूल ऑफ अथेन्स, डिस्प्युटा, पार्नासस आणि ज्यूरीस्पूडन्स. ह्यातील स्कूल ऑफ अथेन्स हे चित्र सर्वाधिक प्रसिद्ध, श्रेष्ठ दर्जाचे व उठावदार आहे. (पहा : मराठी विश्वकोश : खंड १२ चित्रपत्र ४६). या चित्राचा विषय तसा नवा नाही परंतु ज्या कल्पकतेने हा विषय येथे मांडला गेला आहे, त्यास कलेतिहासात दुसरी जोड नाही. अवकाशाचा व चित्रमांडणीच्या अभिजात मूल्यांचा उत्कृष्ट नमुना म्हणून हे चित्र ओळखले जाते. तत्त्वज्ञान व विज्ञान हे मुख्य सूत्र घेऊन, रूपकात्मक पद्धतीने, एका कमानीखाली भव्य अशा रोमनकालीन दालनांची प्रचिती आणून देणाऱ्या वास्तूत तत्त्वचिंतक, कवी, गणिती, संगीतज्ञ, खगोलशास्त्रज्ञ, व्याकरणकार इत्यादींचा जणू मेळावाच भरलेला आहे, असे दर्शविणाऱ्या अत्यंत यशस्वी प्रयत्न ह्या चित्रात दिसतो.
रॅफेएलने व्यक्तिचित्रणकलेस उच्चतम दर्जा प्राप्त करून दिला व त्या प्रकाराची व्याप्ती वाढवली. व्यक्तिचित्रांचे अनेक नवीन प्रकार त्याने निर्माण केले. चित्रविषय असलेल्या व्यक्तीसाठी त्याने वेगवेगळ्या मानसिक अवस्था कल्पून व्यक्तिचित्रे रंगविली. दुसऱ्या जूल्यसचे बैठ्या स्थितीतील व्यक्तिचित्र (१५११) हे सर्वोत्कृष्ट मानले जाते. त्याच्या चित्रांमध्ये वैश्विकता हा प्रधान गुण आढळतो.
रॅफेएल हा १५१४ ते १५२० च्या दरम्यान इटलीतील सर्वांत प्रमुख व्यावसायिक वास्तुशिल्पी होता. वास्तुशिल्पज्ञ ब्रामांतेच्या मृत्यूनंतर सेंट पीटरच्या नव्या प्रार्थनागृहाच्या बांधकामाचे नियंत्रण ‘शिगी चॅपेल’ (सु. १५१३-१४ स्ता मारिया देल पोपोलो, रोम) ‘सान्त एलिजियो देग्ली ऑरेफिसी’ (सु. १५१६, रोम) ‘द व्हिला मादामा’ (१५१६, रोम) तसेच रोम व फ्लॉरेन्स येथील प्रासादसमूह ही त्याची महत्त्वाची वास्तुनिर्मिती होय.
आयुष्याच्या शेवटच्या टप्प्यात म्हणजे १५१५ ते १५१६ या काळात सिस्टाइन चॅपेलची सजावट पूर्ण करण्यासाठी रॅफेएल चित्रजवनिकांच्या मालिकेसाठी आरेखने करीत होता. त्यांतील दहा चित्रजवनिका अद्यापही अस्तित्वात आहेत. त्यांत सेंट पीटर व सेंट पॉल ह्यांच्या कथा चित्रित केल्या आहेत. सात मूळ आकृतिबंधांचे नमुने आजही पहावयास मिळतात. ते अभिजात मांडणीचे उत्कृष्ट नमुने मानले जातात. रोम येथे त्याचे निधन झाले. (चित्रपत्र १७).

संदर्भ : Cocke, Richard Vecchi, Pierluigi de, The Complete Paintings of Raphael, London,
1969.



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